How did these beautiful glass colors come from?

Ordinary glass is smelted together with quartz sand, soda ash and limestone. It is a mixture of silicates that make up the unfixed. The glass that people make is a small piece of glass with poor transparency and some colors. Its color is not consciously added, but the raw materials used are impure and mixed with impurities. At that time, the color glass was only used to make decorations, and the requirements were not high. People just accidentally produced color glass. But the color glass we demand today has very high scientific requirements, which can only be made after uncovering the secret of glass color.

After research, it has been found that if 0.4 to 0.7% of a colorant is added to the ingredients of ordinary glass, the glass can be colored. Most of the colorants are oxides of metals. We have already seen that each metal element has its own unique "spectral characteristics", so different metal oxides can exhibit different colors. If these oxides are added to the glass batch, the glass is colored. For example, adding chromium oxide (Cr2O3), the glass is green; adding manganese dioxide (MnO2), the glass is purple; adding cobalt oxide (Co2O3), the glass is blue, and the protective eyepieces used by steel workers and welders use this Made of glass.

In fact, the color of the glass depends not only on the colorant added, but also on the smelting temperature and the nature of the flame to adjust the valence of the element, giving the glass a different color. For example, copper in glass, if the presence of high-priced copper oxide, the glass appears blue-green; in the presence of low-cost cuprous oxide (Cu2O), the glass is red. Sometimes, the firing does not make the glass look good, and the second heating is required to make the glass appear color. This is the case with the precious gold-red glass, which is made by adding a small amount of gold to ordinary glass ingredients. After the first melting, gold is distributed in the atomic form in the glass. At this time, the glass does not show color. When it is heated again to a temperature close to softening, the gold atoms are polymerized into colloidal particles, and the glass appears. The beautiful red.